Creation and transformation of urban space induced by the composition of coordination orders in the hierarchical set of places

Abstract

The postindustrial era with the human capital as a dominant factor of the economic growth is clearly visualizing the shift of the scientific locus from the business spatial concentrations and labor activity to the cities as the central locations of the social, consumer, and civic activities. This human-respective horizon of city organization logically shifts the academic focus to the functioning of the public space as the third place in the micro subject’s hierarchy of using the urban space. This dichotomy of the micro reasons for an individual spatial choice and institutional prerequisites which determine the macroeconomic framework for the analysis of the urbanized system defines the hierarchical methods of the study. The paper proposes the theoretical background for the hierarchical approach applied to the urban space organization: three measurement levels of the urban space are identified in a ternary coordinate system (space, time, interaction) in the context of the transitive changes of the production and employment institutes in different economic periods. The hierarchical approach determined by a need to include an additional mesoeconomic level of hierarchy into the analysis of the urban space has been methodologically justified. The novelty of the study is supported by the fact that our developed hierarchical approach is proposed to be applied to integrate an individual hierarchical set of places “home – work – public spaces” into the urban space at the design stage. This three-level taxonomic structure provides a symbiosis of the microeconomic reasons for an individual solution making as regards the choice in the hierarchical set of places and institutional analysis which determines the specific nature of the urban space organization under the impact of the institutional changes of the top levels. The paper examines the urban space organization at three levels of hierarchy – a microeconomic level as regards the individual spatial-time choice; a mesoeconomic level illustrating a mutual reflection of the urban space institutes and the order of places; macroeconomic level integrating an impact of the capitalism institutes on the individual location choice. Institutional and essential characteristics of hierarchical set of places “home – work – public spaces” are proposed as regards the types and purposes of interaction, disposition of the institutional individual roles, place arrangement institutes. The key characteristic of a place in a ternary location system “home – work – public spaces” is found to be a combination and a configuration of different individual behavior coordination orders, which determines alternative options for an individual spatial response to the stimuli caused by a place. A hypothesis that an individual set of places synthesizing different coordination orders will serve as a means to harmonize different ways for spatial behavior coordination and interaction of individuals in the urban space is proposed. The individual set of places has been found to be organized by a set of conflicting orders based on different values systems (domestic, market, industrial, civil) and relative values of the place assets. This paper develops a concept of relevancy of two types of orders: orders that coordinating spatial behavior and orders in hierarchical set of places. This concept determines individual location choice and the spatial-time behavior in urban space. A multi-step algorithm to analyze the hierarchical set of places is proposed to identify the peculiarities in its organization and its transformation trends. This proposed algorithm reveals the specific order of using the places “home – work – public spaces” in the urban space and finds the relevancy of this order to the economic regime and employment relationships in different economic periods. New capitalism institutes are shown to have caused the changes in orders proportions, which changes the individual spatial behavior defined by the macroeconomic and institutional prerequisites. This transforms the urban space at the meso-level by modifying the relation between the private and public space of the cities. The proposed approach to behavior coordination among the individuals acting within different hierarchies of values views the conflict of interests of the developers, citizens, government agencies with the derived possibilities for transformations of the urban space from the alternative methodological perspectives.

Keywords

urban space, public spaces, hierarchical analysis, institutional environment, hierarchical set of places, orders of places conflict, location choice, spatial behavior, evolution of urban space, individual portfolio of locations

For citation

Odintsova Yu.V. Creation and transformation of urban space induced by the composition of coordination orders in the hierarchical set of places. Perm University Herald. Economy, 2020, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 25–83. DOI 10.17072/1994-9960-2020-1-25-83

References

1. Odintsova A.V. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika v rabotakh predstavitelei frantsuzskoi shkoly regulyatsii [Spatial economics in the works of French regulation school members]. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika [Spatial economics], 2011, no. 3, pp. 56–70. (In Russian). doi: 10.14530/se.2011.3.056-070.
2. Ukrainskii V.N. Frantsuzskaya prostranstvennaya ekonomika: ot promyshlennykh okrugov do polyusov konkurentosposobnosti [French special economics: From the industrial districts to competitiveness poles]. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika [Spatial economics], 2011, no. 3, pp. 71–99. (In Russian). doi: 10.14530/se.2011.3.071-099.
3. Kovaleva T.Yu., Bazueva E.V., Oborina E.D., Sukhanova P.A. Otsenka effektivnosti klasternogo prostranstvennogo razvitiya regionov: teoretiko-metodologicheskii podkhod: monografiya. Pod obshch. red. T.Yu. Kovalevoi [Evaluation of the efficiency of the regions’ cluster special development: Theoretical and methodological approach: Monograph. T.Yu. Kovaleva (eds)]. Perm State University. Perm, 2017. 280 p. (In Russian).
4. Ispol'zovanie klasternogo podkhoda v modernizatsii ekonomicheskogo prostranstva Rossiiskoi Federatsii. Pod red. A.I. Tatarkina [Applying a cluster approach to modernize the economic space in the Russian Federation. Ed. by А.I. Tatarkin]. Yekaterinburg, Institut ekonomiki UrO RAN Publ., 2013. 559 p. (In Russian).
5. Markov L.S. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie osnovy klasternogo podkhoda [Theoretical and methodological grounds of the cluster approach]. Novosibirsk, IEOPP SO RAN Publ., 2015. 300 p. (In Russian).
6. Kolomak E.A. Prostranstvennaya kontsentratsiya ekonomicheskoi aktivnosti v Rossii [Spatial concentration of the economic activity in Russia]. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika [Spatial economics], 2014, no. 4, pp. 82–89. (In Russian). doi: 10.14530/se.2014.4.082-099.
7. Vershinina I.A. Transformatsiya sotsial'noi struktury v informatsionnom gorode [Transformation of the social structure in the informational city]. Sotsiologiya goroda [Sociology of city], 2013, no. 3, pp. 3–17. (In Russian).
8. Maksimchuk O.V., Pershina T.A. Konkurentosposobnost' goroda s uchetom otsenki komfortnosti prozhivaniya naseleniya [On the competitiveness of cities and the comfort of the population living]. Sotsiologiya goroda [Sociology of city], 2017, no. 3, pp. 32–50. (In Russian).
9. Gorina E.A., Burdyak A.Ya. Vzglyad na kachestvo zhizni naseleniya skvoz' prizmu gorodskoi sredy [Quality of life in big city through the urban environment perceptions]. Sotsiologiya goroda [Sociology of city], 2015, no. 2, pp. 11–31. (In Russian).
10. Mokrousova A.K. Sotsial'nye peremeny i gorodskoe prostranstvo: vzaimovliyanie i transformatsii [Interrelations between social urban space transformations and social factors]. Sotsiologiya goroda [Sociology of city], 2012, no. 4, pp. 36–45. (In Russian).
11. Cantwell J., Santangelo G.D. The new geography of corporate research in information and communications technology (ICT). Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2002, vol. 12, pp. 163–197.
12. Fujita M., Thisse J.-F. Economics of agglomeration. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002. 466 p.
13. Duranton G., Puga D. Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. In book: Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. Ed. by J.-V. Henderson, J.-F. Thisse. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2004, pp. 2064–2117.
14. Gaikova L. Politsentrizm kak paradigma razvitiya rossiiskikh gorodov [Polycentricity as the paradigm of development of Russian cities]. Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of higher education], 2015, no. 50, pp. 69–81. (In Russian).
15. Pomorov S.B., Zhukovskii R.S. Retrospektiva razvitiya gorodskogo politsentrizma i teoreticheskikh predstavlenii o nem [The evolution of urban polycentrism theory and practice in retrospect]. Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov [Architecton: Proceedings of higher education], 2015, no. 52, pp. 13–36. (In Russian).
16. Titov A.L. Peshekhodnaya sreda torgovo-razvlekatel'nogo tsentra kak faktor, formiruyushchii gorodskoe prostranstvo [Pedestrian realm of a shopping and entertainment center as a factor forming city environment]. Sotsiologiya goroda [Sociology of city], 2018, no. 2. pp. 32–45. (In Russian).
17. Novikov A. Nastroika vmesto stroiki. Svoboda vybora vmesto «proekta svobody» [Adjustment instead of construction. Freedom of choice instead of “project of freedom”]. In book: Gorozhanin: chto my znaem o zhitele bol'shogo goroda? [City dweller: What we know about an urban dweller?]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2017, pp. 48–69. (In Russian).
18. Yudin G. Toska po soobshchestvu. Kak ob"edinyayutsya sovremennye gorozhane [Longing for community. How present-day city dwellers unite]. Gorozhanin: chto my znaem o zhitele bol'shogo goroda? [City dweller: What we know about an urban dweller?]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2017, pp. 102–116. (In Russian).
19. Ol'denburg R. Tret'e mesto: kafe, kofeini, knizhnye magaziny, bary, salony krasoty i drugie mesta «tusovok» kak fundament soobshchestva. Per. s angl. A. Shirokanovoi. 2-e izd. [The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of community. Transl. from Engl. A. Shirokanova. 2nd ed.]. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2018. 456 p. (In Russian).
20. Zukin Sh. Obnazhennyi gorod. Smert' i zhizn' autentichnykh gorodskikh prostranstv. Per. s angl. A. Lazareva i N. Edel'mana; pod nauch. red. V. Danilova [Naked city: The death and life of authentic urban places. Transl. from Engl. A. Lazarev and N. Edel’man. Ed. by V. Danilov]. Moscow, Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara Publ., 2019. 360 p. (In Russian).
21. Low S.M. Plasa: politika obshchestvennogo prostranstva i kul'tury. Per. s angl. [On the plaza: The politics of public space and culture. Transl. from Engl.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2016. 352 p. (In Russian).
22. Carr S., Francis M., Rivlin L., Stone A. Public space. New York. Cambridge University Press, 1992. 400 p.
23. Castells M. The city and the grassroots. Berkeley, University of Cali- fornia Press, 1983. 450 p.
24. Whyte W.H. The social life of small urban spaces. Washington, D.C., The Conservation Foundation, 1980. 125 p.
25. Jacobs J. Smert' i zhizn' bol'shikh amerikanskikh gorodov. Per. s angl.; 2-e izd., isprav [The death and life of great American cities. Transl. from Engl. 2nd ed., revised]. Moscow, Novoe izdatel'stvo Publ., 2015, 512 p. (In Russian).
26. Frolov D.P. Mnogourovnevaya ierarkhiya ekonomicheskogo prostranstva: formirovanie evolyutsionnoi taksonomii [Multilevel hierarchy of economic space: Formation of evolutionary taxonomy]. Prostranstvennaya ekonomika [Spatial economics], 2013, no. 4, pp. 122–150. (In Russian).
27. Bazueva E.V. Sistema institutov gendernoi vlasti v ekonomike Rossii: osnovy teorii i metodologii: monografiya [A system of gender power institutes in the economy of Russia: Theory and methodology basics. Monograph]. Perm State University, Perm, 2015. 456 p. (In Russian).
28. Kimenyi M.S. Institutions and development: The primacy of microanalysis. Journal of Institutional Economics, 2011, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 549–553.
29. Mezoekonomika perekhodnogo perioda: rynki, otrasli, predpriyatiya. Pod red. G.B. Kleinera [Mesoeconomics of the transition period: Markets, industries, enterprises. Ed. by G.B. Kleiner]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2001. 516 p. (In Russian).
30. Mezoekonomika razvitiya. Pod red. chl.-korr. RAN G.B. Kleinera [Mesoeconomics of development. Ed. by a RAS member G.B. Kleiner]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2011. 806 p. (In Russian).
31. Perskii Yu.K., Shults D.N. Vzaimodeistvie mikro- i makroekonomiki: ierarkhicheskii podkhod [Interaction of micro- and macroeconomics: Hierarchical approach]. Yekaterinburg, Institut ekonomiki UrO RAN Publ., 2005. 192 p. (In Russian).
32. Perskii Yu.K., Shults D.N. Ierarkhicheskii analiz ekonomiki: metody i modeli [Hierarchical analysis of economy: Methods and models]. Yekaterinburg, Institut ekonomiki UrO RAN Publ., 2008. 203 p. (In Russian).
33. Williamson O. Transaction cost economics and organization theory. In book: Handbook of Economic Sociology. Ed. by N. Smelser, R. Swedberg. New York, Russel Sage Foundation, 1994, pp. 77–107.
34. Kleiner G. Nanoekonomika [Nanoeconomics]. Voprosy ekonomiki [Economy issues], 2004, no. 12, pp. 70–94. (In Russian). doi: 10.32609/0042-8736-2004-12-70-93.
35. Arrow K. Reflections on the essays. In book: Arrow and the foundations of the theory of Economic Policy. Ed. by G. Feiwel. London, Macmillan, 1987, pp. 727–734.
36. Popov E.V. Miniekonomika – prioritetnoe napravlenie issledovanii [Minieconomy is a priority academic area]. Vestnik RAN [RAS Proceedings], 2004, vol. 74, no. 9, pp. 806–812. (In Russian).
37. Inshakov O.V. Urovnevyi analiz ob"ekta, predmeta i metoda ekonomicheskoi teorii [Level-based analysis of an object, subject and a method of economics]. Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskogo un-ta ekonomiki i finansov [Proceedings of Saint Petersburg university of economics and finance], 2004, no. 4, pp. 5–19. (In Russian).
38. Rosenzweig M.G. Microeconomic approaches to development: Schooling, learning and growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2010, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 81–96.
39. Keynes J.M. Obshchaya teoriya zanyatosti, protsenta i deneg [General theory of employment, interest and money]. Moscow, Gelios ARV Publ., 2020. 352 p. (In Russian).
40. Albert H., Arnold D., Maier-Rigaud F. Model platonism: Neoclassical economic thought in critical light. Journal of Institutional Economics, 2012, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 295–323.
41. Blith M., Hodgson G.M., Lewis O., Steinmo S. Introduction to the special issue on the evolution of institutions. Journal of Institutional Economics, 2011, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 299–315.
42. Dopfer K., Foster J., Potts J. Micro-meso-macro. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2004, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 263–279.
43. Dopfer K., Potts J. Why evolutionary realism underpins evolutionary economic analysis and theory: A reply to Runde’s critique. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2010, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 401–413.
44. Eucken W. Osnovnye printsipy ekonomicheskoi politiki. Per. s nem. L.A. Kozlova, Yu.I. Kukoleva. Obshch. red. L.I. Tsedilina i K. Khermann-Pillata. Vstupitel'naya stat'ya O.R. Latsisa [Key principles of the economic policy. Transl. from Germ. L.A. Kozlova, Yu.I. Kukoleva. L.I. Tsedilina and K. Khermann-Pillata (eds). Introduction by O.R. Latsisa]. Moscow, Izdatel'skaya gruppa «Progress», Firma “Univers” Publ., 1995. 493 p. (In Russian).
45. Sennett R. Kapitalizm v bol'shom gorode: globalizatsiya, gibkost' i bezrazlichie [Capitalism in a big city: Globalization, flexibility and indifference]. Logos, 2008, no. 3 (66), pp. 95–107. (In Russian).
46. McKenzie R. Ekologicheskii podkhod k izucheniyu chelovecheskogo soobshchestva [An ecological approach to study the human society]. Voprosy sotsial'noi teorii [Issues of social theory], 2008, vol. II, iss. 1 (2), pp. 232–246. (In Russian).
47. Beck U. Kosmopoliticheskoe obshchestvo i ego vragi [Cosmopolitic society and its enemies]. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial'noi antropologii [Journal of sociology and social anthropology], 2003, vol. VI, no. 1, pp. 24–53. (In Russian).
48. Simmel G. Bol'shie goroda i dukhovnaya zhizn'. Per. s nem. [Big cities and spiritual life. Transl. from Germ.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2018. 112 p. (In Russian).
49. Wirth L. Urbanizm kak obraz zhizni. Per. s angl.; 2-e izd. [Urbanism as a way of life. Transl. from Engl. 2nd ed.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2018. 180 p. (In Russian).
50. Granovetter M. Sila slabykh svyazei [Power of weak connections]. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya [Economic sociology], 2009, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 31–51. (In Russian).
51. Montgomery Ch. Schastlivyi gorod. Kak gorodskoe planirovanie menyaet nashu zhizn'. Per. s angl. Yu. Konstantinovoi [Happy city transforming our lives through urban design. Transl. from Engl. Yu. Konstantinova]. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov i Ferber Publ., 2019. 368 p. (In Russian).
52. Thevenot L. Organizovannaya kompleksnost': konventsii koordinatsii i struktura ekonomicheskikh obrazovanii [Organizational integrity: Coordination conventions and structure of economic units]. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya: Novye podkhody k institutsional'nomu i setevom analizu. Sost. i nauch. Red. V.V. Radaev [Economic sociology: New approaches to the institutional and network analysis. Compiled and edited by V.V. Radaev]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2002, pp. 19–46. (In Russian).
53. Banfield E. Moral'nye osnovy otstalogo obshchestva. Per. s angl. [The moral basis of a backward society. Transl. From Engl.]. Moscow, Novoe izdatel'stvo Publ., 2019. 216 p. (In Russian).
54. Collins R. Srednii klass bez raboty: vykhody zakryvayutsya [Jobless middle class: Exits are closing.]. Est' li budushchee u kapitalizma? Sb. statei I. Vallerstaina, R. Kollinza, M. Manna, G. Derlug'yana, K. Kalkhuna. Per. s angl. pod red. G. Derlug'yana [Does capitalism have future? Collection of papers by I. Vallerstain, R. Kollinz, M. Mann, G. Derlug'yan, K. Kalkhun. Transl. from Engl. and ed. G. Derlug'yan]. Moscow, Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara Publ., 2017. 320 p. (In Russian).
55. Lefebvre H. Idei dlya kontseptsii novogo urbanizma [Ideas for a theory of new urbanism]. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie [Russian sociological review], 2002, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 19–26. (In Russian).
56. Glaeser E. Triumf goroda. Kak nashe velichaishee izobretenie delaet nas bogache, umnee, ekologichnee, zdorovee, i schastlivee. Per. s angl. I. Kushnarevoi [Triumph of the city. How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier, and happier. Transl. from Engl. I. Kushnareva]. Moscow, Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara Publ., 2014. 432 p. (In Russian).
57. Gartman D. Postmodernizm ili logika kul'tury postfordizma [Postmodernism or post-Fordism culture logics]. In book: Postfordizm: kontseptsii, instituty, praktiki. Pod red. M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanova [Post-Fordism: Theory, institutes, practices. Ed. by M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanov]. Moscow, Politicheskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 2015. 279 p. (In Russian).
58. Bauman Z. Gorod strakhov, gorod nadezhd [City of fears, city of hopes]. Logos, 2008, no. 3 (66), pp. 24–53. (In Russian).
59. Stichweh R. Ambivalentnost', indifferentnost' i sotsiologiya chuzhogo [Ambivalence, indifference and sociology of foreign]. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial'noi antropologii [The Journal of Sociology and Social Antropology], 1998, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 41–52. (In Russian).
60. Kurennoi V. Sila slabykh svyazei. Gorozhanin i pravo na odinochestvo [Power of weak connections. City dweller and the right for loneliness]. In book: Gorozhanin: chto my znaem o zhitele bol'shogo goroda? [City dweller: What we know about an urban dweller]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2017, pp. 14–29. (In Russian).
61. Weber M. Gorod. Per. s nem.; 2-e izd [City. Transl. from Germ. 2nd ed.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2018. 252 p. (In Russian).
62. McQuire S. Geomedia: setevye goroda i budushchee obshchestvennogo prostranstva. Per. s angl. [Geomedia: Networked cities and future of public space. Transl. From Engl.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2018. 268 p. (In Russian).
63. Utekhin I. Mesto deistviya. Publichnost' i ritual v prostranstve postsovetskogo goroda [Scene of action. Publicity and ritual in the space of a post-Soviet city]. Moscow, Institut media, arkhitektury i dizaina «Strelka» Publ., 2012. 37 p. (In Russian).
64. Harvey D. The Condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Cambridge & Oxford, Blackwell, 1990. 379 p.
65. Jameson F. The seeds of time. New York, Columbia University Press, 1994. 214 p.
66. Coase R.H. The nature of the firm. Economica, New Series, 1937, vol. 4, no. 16, pp. 386–485.
67. Howard E. Garden cities of tomorrow. 2 ed. London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co, 1902. 191 p.
68. Wright F.L. Ischezayushchii gorod. Per. s angl.; 2-e izd. [Disappearing city. Transl. from Engl. 2nd ed.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2018. 180 p. (In Russian).
69. Corbusier Le Novyi dukh v arkhitekture. Per. s angl. [New spirit in architecture. Transl. from Engl.]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2017. 120 p. (In Russian).
70. Putnam R. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, Simon & Schuster, 2000. 544 p.
71. Alekseevskii M. Gorodskaya antropologiya. Ot lokal'nykh «plemen» k global'nym «potokam» [Urban anthropology. From local “tribes” to global “flows”]. In book: Gorozhanin: chto my znaem o zhitele bol'shogo goroda? [City dweller: What do we know about a dweller of a big city?]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2017, pp. 78–99. (In Russian).
72. Boserup E. Woman’s role in economic development. New York, St. Martin’s, 1970. 283 p.
73. Sassen S. Dve ostanovki v novoi sovremennoi global'noi geografii: formirovanie novoi rabochei sily i rezhimov zanyatosti [Two stops in a new modern global geography: Developing new labor force and employment models]. In book: Postfordizm: kontspetsii, instituty, praktiki. Pod red. M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanova [Post-Fordism: Theories, institutes, practices. Ed. by M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanov]. Moscow, Politicheskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 2015, pp. 79–136. (In Russian).
74. Zubarevich N. Strana gorodov: teoriya i praktika rossiiskoi urbanizatsii [A country of cities: Theory and practice of the Russian urbanization]. In book: Stimuly, paradoksy, provaly: Gorod glazami ekonomistov [Stimuli, paradoxes, failures: City in economists’ perspective]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2015, pp. 20–34. (In Russian).
75. Shul'man E. Pridetsya dogovarivat'sya. Pochemu u gorozhanina budushchego budut sprashivat' pro vse [We have to find agreement. Why a city dweller will be asked about everything in the future]. In book: Gorozhanin: chto my znaem o zhitele bol'shogo goroda? [City dweller: What do we know about a dweller of a big city?]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2017, pp. 30–47. (In Russian).
76. Mikhailova T. Zavod v tsentre: iskrivlenie sovetskoi geografii [Factory is in the downtown: Distortion in the Soviet geography]. In book: Stimuly, paradoksy, provaly: Gorod glazami ekonomistov [Stimuli, paradoxes, failures: City in economists’ perspective]. Moscow, Strelka Press, 2015, pp. 36–53. (In Russian).
77. Meerovich M. Fordizm i postfordizm. Al'bert Kan i Ernst Mai: SShA i Germaniya v bor'be za sovetskuyu industrializatsiyu [Fordism and post-Fordism. Albert Kann and Ernst May: USA and Germany in their fight for the Soviet industrialization]. In book: Postfordizm: kontspetsii, instituty, praktiki. Pod red. M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanova [Post-Fordism: Theories, institutes, practices. Ed. by M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanov]. Moscow, Politicheskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 2015, pp. 171–222. (In Russian).
78. Il'chenko M.S. Postfordizm v sovremennom mire: novye vyzovy i sposoby osmysleniya. Vmesto vstupleniya [Post-Fordism in the modern world: New challenges and comprehension methods. As an introduction]. In book: Postfordizm: kontspetsii, instituty, praktiki. Pod red. M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanova [Post-Fordism: Theories, institutes, practices. Ed. by M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanov]. Moscow, Politicheskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 2015, pp. 4–17. (In Russian).
79. Mart'yanov V.S. Postfordizm: nauchnaya teoriya ili noveishaya sotsial'naya utopiya? [Post-Fordism: Scientific theory or the latest social utopia?]. In book: Postfordizm: kontspetsii, instituty, praktiki. Pod red. M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanova [Post-Fordism: Theories, institutes, practices. Ed. by M.S. Il'chenko, V.S. Mart'yanov]. Moscow, Politicheskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 2015, pp. 52–78. (In Russian).
80. Lanj A. Goroda-dotkomy. Urbanizm kremnievoi doliny [Cities-dotcoms. Urbanism of the Silicon Valley]. Moscow, Institut media, arkhitektury i dizaina «Strelka» Publ., 2012. 39 p. (In Russian).
81. Janowitz M. The Community Press in an Urban Setting. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1967. 275 p.
82. Said E.W. Beginnings. New York, Columbia University Press, 1985. 414 p.
83. Single Living: How Atomisation – The Rise of Singles and One-Person Households – Is Affecting Consumer Purchasing Habits. Euromonitor International, 2008. Available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/ single-living-how-atomisation-the-rise-of-singles-and-one-person-households-is-affecting-consumer-purchasing-habits/report (accessed 17.01.2020).
84. Binkley S. Getting loose: Lifestyle Consumption in the 1970s. Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2007. 296 p.
85. Klinenberg E. Zhizn' solo: novaya sotsial'naya real'nost'. Per. s angl. 2-e izd. [Going solo: The extraordinary rise and surprising appeal of living alone. Transl. from Engl. 2nd ed.]. Moscow, Al'pina non-fikshn Publ., 2018. 279 p. (In Russian).
86. Zukin S. Loft living: Culture and capital in urban change. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. 212 p.
87. Watters E. Urban tribes: A generation redefines friendship, family, and commitment. New York, Bloomsbury, 2003. 272 p.
88. Gibson W. Neuromancer. London, Harper Collins, 1995. 317 p.
89. Greenfield A. Against the smart city. New York, Do projects, 2013. 147 p.
90. Hardt M., Negri A. Commonwealth. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press, 2009. 448 p.

Show full text